Female doctors tortured in Bahrain amid fears of intensified crackdown until June 1

Bahrain's government has announced that it will lift the state of emergency on June 1, but this may signal a worsening of human rights abuses in the short term, according to SAVE's contact in Bahrain, as medical professionals continue to go missing.

Three days ago, Bahraini authorities summoned Dr Najah Alhadad for a short interrogation. The only contact she has had with her family since then is a five-minute phone call to her daughter, asking for a change of clothing.

Alhadad is a consultant family physician and Deputy Chief of Primary Care in Bahrain, and like many others she has been targeted because of her profession. “The regime is interrogating those who brought medicines to the protesters and who received casualties from the uprisings,” says Rania*, who also works in healthcare in Bahrain. “The regime is making up accusations, saying that the doctors and nurses held in custody carried out unnecessary operations on people, and that these people died from the procedures.”

From the testimonies of doctors and nurses recently released from custody, Rania is able to put together a picture of conditions inside the al-‘Adliya Criminal Investigations Department where most are held. “Detainees are beaten with water pipes and hoses, slapped on the face, head and legs, and some are given electric shocks until they lose consciousness,” says Rania. “Prisoners are kept blindfolded and made to sit on chairs for days without sleep. Men are sometimes hung by their feet and beaten. After the torture, they are given a blank piece of paper and told to sign at the bottom. The authorities fill in the confession above the signature.”

Female detainees are usually held for two to five days, but several men have been missing for far longer. There is no gender segregation in the centres, and women report hearing men screaming all night long.

Bahrain’s government began its deadly crack down on March 14, in response to popular protests agitating for political change. Four people have so far died in detention. Rania claims to have seen the bodies of these victims, saying that they were covered in torture marks.

One young poet, Ayat al-Ghermezi, was reported to have been killed by the regime on April 20. She was arrested after reading her poems in Pearl Square, the main gathering point for protesters. However, Rania’s friends claim to have seen the 20-year-old in detention, alive and in acceptable health. “The government is trying to force her to write a poem praising Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa,” says Rania. “Apparently she tried to do it, but could not think what to write. Now she is refusing to write.”

Lifting state of emergency may only intensify immediate danger for opposition

Currently, a state of emergency reigns in Bahrain. Movement is severely limited; there are checkpoints in city streets and at the entrance to most villages to ensure that protesters are unable to gather. The crackdown is also harming the economy, as many employees – including 150 medical staff - have been suspended from work or fired. The regime has announced that it will lift the emergency laws on June 1, but Rania doubts that this signals an improvement in the immediate situation of opposition figures.

“The extremists in the regime will charge as many people as they can before the end of the state of emergency,” says Rania. “More will be arrested and they will try to finish most of the trials of activists and opposition leaders before June 1.”

Tomorrow, 21 activists and opposition leaders will appear before a Military Court on charges that include attempting to topple the government by setting up terror groups, inciting hatred, and taking part in rallies without notifying authorities, according to Amnesty International. They have been denied basic rights such as access to a lawyer before trial.

Medical staff may also soon face such trials, according to Rania. “There is an interrogation committee in the Ministry of Health, and the acting head has so far referred 47 persons to the Ministry of the Interior for investigation. Many are sent to the military court, and we do not yet know what the sentences will be.”

In total, 30 male doctors are currently in detention. The majority are thought to have been forced to videotape pre-written confessions which may soon be aired on Bahraini television. Concerns have risen for three surgeons in particular, Dr. Ali Elkri, Dr. Nadeel Hameed and Dr. Basim Bhais, all of whom were leaders in organizing medical care at Salmaniya Hospital during the protests, and thus have become a focus for the regime’s revenge.

Rania emphasizes the impossible situation that Bahraini medics face. “Doctors take an oath when they qualify,” says Rania. “Even if you see an enemy, regardless of race or religion, if they need medical care you must give it to them. The regime is operating double standards – on one side they are accusing us of refusing to aid foreigners, and on the other they are telling us not to treat Bahraini people.”

International public opinion is hardening against the Bahraini regime, especially since a group of five Bahrainis brought a case to The Hague’s International Criminal Court on Friday, accusing the Bahraini Royal Family and certain government members of war crimes.

Still, Rania does not believe that the international community is doing enough to put pressure on the government. “During the uprisings in the 1990s, the government could act with impunity,” says Rania. Bahrain saw sustained unrest in the 1990s, resulting in around 34 deaths. “Now that we have social media, TV, and internet, the whole world knows what the regime is doing. But international coverage is not up to expectations. They frame this as a Shi’ite revolution, but it is a Bahraini revolution. We don’t want external intervention, but we want strong statements by world leaders condemning the crimes against humanity happening here, and a stronger focus on Bahrain in the international media.”

Rania has so far avoided detention. However, she cannot sleep at night, knowing that she could be the authorities’ next target.

“I am afraid for my family – I don’t know what will happen. Nobody is safe and every household has been affected.

“Politically, there will be no genuine changes. But from history we know that we have to fight for our rights. It might not be fruitful this time, but in the long run it will be. We cannot complain that our government is brutal and not react against it. We must show the world that we asked for our rights and the regime refused. Innocent blood will not have been shed in vain. We will not achieve 100% of our demands. But even if we achieve 1%, we have made a step forwards.”

*Name has been changed for reasons of confidentiality. Report by Helen Victoria Thompson.

The Square of Change in Sana’a: an Incubator for Reform

A briefing by Atiaf Zaid Alwazir on the social and political changes taking place in the squares of Yemen.

Yemen has witnessed widespread protests and sit-ins throughout the squares of change for the past three months. These squares became incubators for change and the birthplace of a new political culture. The time spent at the square has given protestors the time to network, organize, engage in awareness raising activities and honest dialogue, and agree upon general principles. While the focus at the beginning was solely on political reform, the interplay between different actors on the ground has forced individuals to begin discussion on social and cultural change as well, as a holistic approach. These terminologies are being tested on the ground. While this gave the movement an opportunity to mature, the longer this political deadlock lasts, the higher the chance of violence, especially by the circle around the President who will try to protect their own interests. The interplay between various actors on the ground will determine the future of the movement, and the country’s future direction.

This eyewitness report is by a Sana’a based researcher who was involved in the protests since late January 2011. While the protests are nationwide, the paper will focus only on the square of change in Sana’a. Read the full document here.

Mother's Day - a day for political and social mobilization

Carla Goldstein (right) with Edit Schlaffer, director of SAVE, and Elizabeth Lesser, founder of the Omega Institute

Carla Goldstein, board member of Friends of Women without Borders, explains the roots of Mother's Day and highlight's SAVE's upcoming Mothers MOVE event on WAMC Northeast Public Radio's 51% The Women's Perspective show. Listen to the broadcast here: http://bit.ly/kJPj3Z 

The idea of setting aside a special day to honor our mothers is certainly not new. But did you know the special history of the day in the US was related to feminism and the peace movement? Carla Goldstein, Director of the Omega Women's Institute in New York and board member of Friends of Women without Borders, explains the roots of Mother's Day in the USA and highlights the most important women's organizations working to improve the status of women today. She also mentions SAVE's innovative event, Mothers MOVE, which focuses on the potential of mothers to form an early-warning system against terrorism. Read more about our event here: http://bit.ly/jG0Ohz

Yemeni youth ready to confront gender roles - Women without Borders study on IPS

Despite being at the forefront of sweeping changes taking place in the country, the lives of the majority of Yemeni women are restricted to early marriage, motherhood and serving husbands, according to a new study by Women Without Borders (WWB), a Vienna based public relations and advocacy platform for women’s voices around the world. By Mehru Jaffer.

"Most of the women talked to, even those from a traditional background, do express a desire for more independence in many aspects of their lives," Edit Schlaffer, founder-director of WWB told IPS.

The survey reveals that women are largely restricted to the private sphere and discouraged from participating in public life.

With a grant from the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), a team of researchers from WWB designed a 134-item questionnaire in the Arabic language that was distributed amongst 600 students at Yemen’s Sana’a University on the eve of the February uprising earlier this year.

Over half of the male respondents feel that allowing women to work undermines their religious practices. However, a majority of both men and women see changing gender roles as an opportunity to fare better in a fast globalising world

Before her first visit to Yemen in 2009, Schlaffer’s image of the country on the western border of the Arabian Peninsula was that of a hideout for terrorists and a society frozen in time.

"After my first trip to Yemen I was amazed at the work the women were doing," recalls Schlaffer. "I was introduced to a women’s radio station in Sana’a. I met female journalists, aspiring politicians and great mothers."

Schlaffer was introduced to a vibrant civil society that is flourishing in the face of Western mistrust and domestic roadblocks.

The idea of the fact finding mission led by Schlaffer was to find out more about women and their views on extremism in the country, and to establish a SAVE Yemen chapter.

Yemen has a young population and women spoke openly about their own government and what they thought of governments abroad.

SAVE, or Sisters Against Violent Extremism, is a worldwide initiative of WWB to counter violent extremism and to propose strategies for derailing the extremist movement.

"Yemeni women, the NGOs and the mosques can play a vital role. As mothers, women can help in educating and guiding their sons; in society they can be activists in stopping violence," Hooria al Mashoor, Vice-Chairperson of the Women’s National Committee in Yemen told Schlaffer.

Today al-Fotih, is SAVE Yemen’s local coordinator and continues to work with mothers seen as potential ‘alarm-sounders’ when their children travel down the wrong path.

SAVE Yemen has held talks with Women Journalists Without Chains on the role of Yemeni women in confronting terrorism and extremism. Nadia al-Sakkaf, editor-in-chief of ‘Yemen Times’, the country’s leading English language newspaper has helped to host meets with local victims of violent extremism.

Fatima al-Zuhairi, principal of a local school discussed problems of extremism amongst female students in her school, and the challenges and accusations she has faced from extremist preachers in her local mosque.

After having created a network of supporters on the ground, WWB launched the latest survey to gauge the attitude of university students in Yemen on a wide range of issues - but with a focus on gender equality and the future. The findings disclose that the youth in Yemen yearns for gender equality.

The survey showed that youth is ready for change and optimistic about the future.

The survey reports two interrelated trends seen in many developing countries - including Yemen. There is a growth in the population of young people, and increased access to education for both men and women. The educated youth pose significant challenges to economic and political stability as the rate their growth rapidly outpaces available job opportunities.

The promise of free education is real but the hidden costs such as uniforms and school supplies present an overwhelming challenge to many families. Nearly half of the respondents reported that their families find it difficult to pay for their university education.

Conservative, male-dominated social norms still make access to education an insurmountable barrier for too many Yemeni women, but a move in a positive direction is visible. The majority of women predict their future career will be that of a teacher or professor - women currently represent less than a quarter of the educators at all levels.

Domestic violence is a part of many lives, 39 percent have witnessed it and 27 percent have experienced it. Little data is available about this conduct in Yemeni society due to social stigma.

The results also reveal girls are often prohibited from attending school or playing sports, and most women do not hold jobs or participate in politics because the public sphere is almost forbidden to them.

Most female respondents to the survey - despite access to education - come from families with traditional Yemeni values. They are more concerned than their male counterparts with the wishes of the family and agree that family plays a strong role in their decisions.

Unfiltered Voices: Moving Beyond Osama Bin Laden

SAVE Sisters from around the world have continued to raise their voices and to share their concerns on the death of Osama Bin Laden.

Mbarka Bouaida is the youngest ever elected member of Morocco’s Parliament, and Chair of the Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs, National Defense, and Religious Affairs.

Mbarka says: “I am happy to have received news of Bin Laden’s death, but we need to keep working to stop terrorism. I am concerned as a Muslim, and what they propagate should not be our education. I don’t think they [the terrorists] are religious at all; they are not Muslim.

Furthermore, women are directly linked to security issues, and even terrorist ideologies, because women are concerned about education. There are different ways to educate people, and we need to reinforce the role of women in education. We must give women more tools, authority, and rights.

I believe that women are much more sensitive to peace and security than men are, and so women have more potential. But this potential is not very well developed, and it is not very well used.

While I am happy about the news we received yesterday, I am very shocked about what happened in Marrakech. My thoughts go out to all of the families. They didn’t deserve for this to happen, but this will not stop us. We need to be stronger to face the terrorists.”

Mossarat Qadeem is Executive Director of the PAIMAN Trust in Pakistan, and a SAVE Pakistan partner.

Mossarat says: “’Obama gets Osama’ is the news reverberating around the world today. Remember, with Osama’s death, terrorism and terrorists do not end. Today, Al-Qaeda has declared war against Pakistan. One never knows how many more women will be made widows, how many children will be made orphans, and how many women and men will be rendered disabled, handicapped for life in our country. Pakistan, where 30,000 common people and 5,000 security forces have been killed over the last few years in various terrorist incidents, is being warned once again.

If we really want to address the menace of extremism, we need to recognize the role women can play in moderating extremism. It is the mothers, the sisters, and the wives who, if empowered and enlightened, can influence the heart, mind, and soul of their relatives. It is she who notices the first sign of attitudinal and behavioral changes, if any, and it is this woman who has the ability to influence a mind set and who can dissuade her children and husband from joining Taliban forces and hence can combat extremism. We the women prioritize health, education, and job creation—issues essential to increasing societal well-being in the long term and decreasing the conditions that breed extremism. The power of women must be recognized in helping the world to get rid of terrorism and terrorists.

Arshi Hashmi is an Assistant Professor at the National Defense University in Islamabad.

Arshi says: “Pakistanis have had yet another shock to deal with: the weak state, hostile relations with neighbors, a bad economy, extremism at home and now the most wanted terrorist is dead after an operation in a city near our own capital. We cannot even rejoice, the way people all over the world are rejoicing. Pakistanis are asking a number of questions, not to others but of themselves. What went wrong with the state which was established by the founder Mr. Jinnah as a place for all to live with dignity and equality, irrespective of their religious beliefs? Pakistanis at this point in history are calculating the gravity of any step they might take in the future, for any wrong decision would take the country down to total destruction.

Fed up with all sorts of violence (ethnic, religious and political), Pakistanis are now just thinking one thing: ‘we want to come out of this mess,’ and it seems that in the coming days there will be a great deal of debates on Pakistan's role in the war against terrorism. Pakistanis do not own Osama; some people may feel sympathetic toward him but the entire population believes that Pakistan no longer wants to be a "safe haven" for rebels who do not have a place in their own countries. Pakistanis in our media are discussing that we have had enough of other people's wars in our land, be it Afghan jihad, or the Palestinian issue. Pakistanis need to live in peace and want prosperity.

Just one message to all those who still think Pakistan is a "safe haven" for their evil agendas:

Sorry, Pakistan is not available for any kind of so-called wrongly interpreted ‘jihad.’”

Nadia al-Sakkaf is the Editor-in-Chief of the Yemen Times, the leading English-language newspaper in Yemen.

Nadia says: “It is amazing how media has made of the name of Osama bin Laden a symbol of terrorism. Now that he is dead will that mean terrorism is over, or does it mean we will need to identify the next symbol and make a media case of him?

The world needs to remember that extremism is not individuals; rather, it is a culture that derives its strength from power imbalances and injustices, and this is much harder to get rid of.”

"Only free media will stand up for women as citizens" - Independent media in Yemen struggles due to lack of funds

The uprisings in the Middle East are frequently attributed to increased freedom of expression through new forms of media and communication. However, Yemen’s revolution is threatening independent news sources while simultaneously allowing them more liberty to report on controversial issues. On this World Press Freedom Day, May 3, SAVE spoke with two leading female journalists in Yemen about the contradicting forces of revolution and the essential role of free media for women’s empowerment.

When Nadia al-Sakkaf took over the helm of the Yemen Times, she had to let go of half of her staff. Nadia found that many male reporters were unwilling to work under a female boss and did not respect her authority. The newspaper was founded by her father in 1991, but since she took over six years ago, the newspaper has gone from strength to strength, winning several awards. Yemen’s uprisings, however, have been a mixed blessing for the newspaper, and are currently endangering its existence due to a lack of advertising revenue.

On one hand, journalists are now able to report on many issues they could not before. “The revolutions are driven by people's demands and needs for freedom and a better life,” says Nadia. “The first way that was used to do this was through media.” She speculates that the government may be “too busy or too broke” to bother about restraining the media.

Journalists hurt in the protests were not usually targeted, claims Nadia, but were caught up in the general violence. Foreign reporters are, however, under threat, as the government continues to deport even those who have valid residence papers.

Instead, a major threat to several newspapers is a lack of funds. Soon after the beginning of the revolution, Nadia’s paper lost 70% of its advertisements due to instability in the country. Not long afterwards, the paper’s critical reporting left it excluded from state advertisement campaigns. Reluctantly, Nadia has had to reduce the number of pages to half, and fire several freelancers and part-time employees.

The threat to Yemen’s only independent English-language newspaper could leave the country without a reliable bridge to the outside world. The newspaper’s mission statement is to “make Yemen a good world citizen”. “There are so many stereotypes on Yemen and it is our responsibility to provide readers with an objective, credible source of information,” says Nadia. “We provide readers with an independent, alternative point of view on Yemeni issues.”

However, even government-run outlets are coming under pressure due to reduced advertising revenue. Afrah Nasser, who writes for the government-affiliated Yemen Observer, says that the newspaper has been struggling since the second month of the revolution. “Companies don't want to put ads anymore,” says Afrah. “They believe people won't be interested to see ads.”

Yemen’s English-language newspapers are of increased importance due to the relatively low attention Yemen’s uprisings has received in the international media. “The international media's coverage of the Egyptian revolution was beyond remarkable,” says Afrah. “For Yemen, however, it was very very little.”

Nadia agrees that international coverage has been poor and is plagued with stereotypes about the country. “The international media usually have the same story about the protests,” she says. “They don't take the time to report on the real issues of Yemen, perhaps because they think their readers are not interested in the details. This is why we, as the local English newspaper, have to cover this gap and report on issues that really matter from a Yemeni perspective, but in English and in a style that is understood by the world.”

Free media is also an essential component of ensuring the evolution of and respect for women’s rights in Yemen. “Free media means that women are better in control of their fate,” says Afrah. “Once a woman is censored just because of her gender, she is sinking into becoming a second-class citizen. Free media for women gives them the space to speak out comfortably and freely and determine in which class they are ranked.”

“In societies like Yemen, women are the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups,” adds Nadia. “Only free media will stand up for them as equal citizens and promote their rights.” Nadia and Afrah have been working to include women’s perspectives in the media since before the revolution. Nadia has even managed to change mentalities on what is considered newsworthy by her readership.

“Sometimes we would put a story on women or children on the front page and leave the more politicized stories about the president or political debates inside,” says Nadia. “At first my decisions were criticized, but when we got positive feedback from readers it proved that pack reporting is not always best.”

Yemen’s uprisings have seen women play a part that has surprised and fascinated the world. But women’s voices are still left out of visions for a future Yemen.

“Many women demand to be partners in the governing of the new Yemen and this is not reflected or advocated enough in the media, whether locally or internationally. We need to make sure that women are a part of the future, not just the making of it.”

If you would like to know more about how to support independent media in Yemen, please contact us at office@women-without-borders.org.

Report by Helen Victoria Thompson.

The News of the Death of Osama Bin Laden, by Gill Hicks

On hearing this breaking news my immediate thoughts were not ones of rejoice, in fact they were of ones of great concern.

My fear is that Bin Laden will become a greater inspiration in death than in life to many of those throughout the world who choose destruction and the murder of innocents in a futile effort to further their cause.

One man’s death is sadly NOT the death or the end of the ideology that he was a or the figurehead for. It is my own belief that an idea / an ideology cannot be ‘killed’ – but rather an idea needs to be met with another idea, constructive rather than destructive, one that can challenge, can plant a seed of doubt, has the power to reveal a flaw and most importantly be persuasive and influential.

My focus, and that of my organisation, M.A.D. for Peace, is to build a foundation for lasting, sustainable peace.

M.A.D. (Making A Difference ) for Peace exists to communicate the importance of our individual responsibility in creating a world in which extreme conflict and its human consequences are ended.

We believe that Peace starts with YOU.

I start each day by thanking each of those brave and remarkable people who did everything humanly possible in London on July 7, 2005 to save my life, who risked their own lives to do so and who never gave up on me.

I owe them everything – every day that I have had, every joy every tear every smile and laugh, every bit of life that I have enjoyed I credit to them.

The depths of my gratitude are immeasurable.

I stand, on prosthetic legs, metaphorically shoulder to shoulder with all those who have lost people they love, who have been maimed and who have experienced the horrific effects of the hatred and distorted belief of those who support terrorism.

I have witnessed and been the recipient of the brilliance of humanity – and it is based on the actions of those paramedics, police, doctors, nurses and physio’s – and my family and dear friends – and the many emails I receive every day from people who tell me their story, what they are doing to make a positive contribution that I believe Peace is possible – and I live in the hope that we will all know the confidence of a life without violent extremism, without terrorism.

( Dr ) Gill Hicks MBE

BREAKING NEWS: Moving Beyond Osama bin Laden

SAVE –Sisters Against Violent Extremism is the world’s first female counter-terrorism platform. To date, civil society, and especially women, have been almost completely neglected in the fight against violent extremism. It is naïve to think that Bin Laden’s death is the end of our struggle; to achieve long-term change, we must ensure that we tackle terrorism at its roots by engaging families, communities and societies.

Last night, President Obama announced that Osama bin Laden, leader of Al-Qaeda, has been killed in a military operation in northern Pakistan, almost ten years after the 9/11 terror attacks.

Bin Laden was a figurehead for the Al-Qaeda movement, acting as a driving force for the successful spread of the group’s ideology. His death is not an occasion for celebration, but a crucial turning point in the struggle against violent extremism.

In the last decade, we have learnt much about effective methods of combating terrorism. We must be aware that Al Qaeda’s forces might have the ability to quickly regroup if we do not react effectively at this critical juncture. It is clear that military approaches play a valuable role in reducing the immediate threat posed by terrorist groupings, and governmental and political approaches by their very nature move more slowly and can achieve significant change in the medium-term. However, to achieve a long-term shift in attitudes toward violent extremism and to reduce the allure of extremist ideologies, civil society must become a central player to effect a change in perspectives among communities and to propagate a culture of non-violence and tolerance.

The death of Bin Laden is not enough to eradicate the threat of violent extremism. The removal of Al Qaeda’s central ideological leader is, however, an opportunity to engage vulnerable communities, to join moderate Muslim voices with civil society voices across borders of nationalities, ethnicities, and religions, and to highlight the human cost of terrorism to create a powerful counter-narrative to Bin Laden’s violent ideology.

SAVE taps into the potential of women to act as early-warning systems in their homes, communities and among restless youth. Supporting women in their efforts to propagate a tolerant environment that does not allow for the development of violent ideologies is key to the long-term success of efforts to counter violent extremism.

The Mothers for Change campaign is at the heart of our work. In their central role in the family, mothers are key educators of the young generation and perfectly situated to recognize the early signs of radicalization in family members and community groups. To recognize and mobilize their power, mothers must be provided with the right tools.

This morning, SAVE collected the statements of SAVE sisters from around the globe, to share their views on how to move forward.

Aicha el Wafi, whose son, Zacarias, was convicted of conspiring to kill citizens in connection with the September 11, 2001 attacks, is a SAVE testimonial and sends a message to mothers around the globe:

“I would like to say to all the mothers—to the mothers in Israel, in Palestine, in Europe, and in America: There is no one else but the mothers. They must protect their children, and raise them to respect themselves, their countries, and others. When their children begin to see and hear things, they don’t always recognize the danger in it. I only realized what was happening when it was too late; I was naïve. I loved my children, and I thought my love sufficed to protect them from harm. But extremist organizations take advantage of children who do not understand, and love is not enough.

“I send a message of courage to all the mothers around the world. You need to seize your children’s attention. You need to show them how to be respectful, and you need to show them that there are good people. But you also need to show them the bad, and to show them which dangers are lurking. Love can move mountains, but you need to direct your children.”

Furthermore, SAVE promotes the voices of victims of terrorism who bear witness to the human cost of such violence. These courageous individuals, many of whom have managed to turn their grief into activism for meaningful change, carry extraordinary weight and can contribute to developing new strategies for combating radical ideologies. Their eyewitness testimonials offer a powerful new perspective to the young generation, discouraging the use of violence through a confrontation with the consequences of terrorist actions.

Gill Hicks is a young Australian who lost both legs in the 7/7 terrorist attack in London. Since the bombings, Gill has begun reaching out to young generation to educate them on the real effects of terrorist acts, particularly in volatile communities. She leads conversations with vulnerable youth, encouraging them to think about such questions as, “does it help any Palestinian, or does it lessen the grievances of any other group that I am sitting here without my legs?”

Gill says: “We must be aware that we cannot just kill an idea and an ideology. This highly concerns me. I urge people to continue to lead by example, to reflect that which we want to be back in the world. We can only fight the idea with another idea.”